Nuclear research reactors are specialised installations used primarily for producing neutrons, rather than generating electricity. These reactors play a key role in advancing our understanding of nuclear processes and supporting a wide array of scientific and technological activities. For example, they’re essential for creating medical isotopes such as technetium-99m, which is used extensively in diagnostic imaging. They also facilitate neutron scattering experiments, enabling researchers to explore the atomic structure and properties of materials—critical for fields like chemistry, biology, and materials science.

There are several types of research reactors, each serving distinct purposes. Pool-type reactors, with their fuel submerged in open water, are among the simplest and most commonly used. TRIGA reactors, known for their inherent safety features and ability to perform neutron pulses, are widely used in academic settings. More complex designs include tank-type or tank-in-pool reactors, which offer additional cooling and containment options. Some research reactors operate using fast neutrons, which are valuable for testing fuels and materials for next-generation power reactors. Homogeneous reactors, which use liquid fuel, are now rare but offer unique experimental capabilities.

These reactors are distributed across the globe, with more than 220 operating in over 50 countries. They are often housed within universities or national laboratories in places like the United States, France, India, China, and Australia. High-performance examples include the OPAL reactor in Australia and BR-2 in Belgium, which support cutting-edge research in medicine, materials science, and nuclear physics. Overall, research reactors remain fundamental tools for scientific progress, medical innovation, and the education of future nuclear specialists.